MODERN TIME
With Napoleon's occupation of Venice on May 12, 1797 (during the first anti-French alliance), the Republic of Venice declared its demise, exactly 1100 years after independence. This French conqueror led to the end of the most beautiful century in the history of Venice: In the 18th century, Venice was perhaps the most elegant city in Europe, with great influence on art, literature and architecture. To the Jews in this city, Napoleon seemed to be a liberator, although it caused controversy because they were restricted to living in several areas. He removed the entrance and exit of the Jewish quarter and ended the regional restrictions on Jewish residence and tourism.
Napoleon handed over Venice to Austria under the Campo Formio Treaty on October 12, 1797. The Austrian government officially took over Venice on January 18, 1798. In 1805, Napoleon signed the Treaty of Pressburg with Austria, recaptured Venice from Austria and included it in his kingdom of Italy. But with the defeat of Napoleon in 1814, Venice was once again ruled by the Kingdom of Lombardy-Venesia controlled by Austria. Under Manning's leadership, a short revolution took place between 1848 and 1849, establishing the Republic of San Marco (Second Republic of Venice), but then failed under the repression of the Austrian army.
After the failure of the revolution in 1848, the young Austrian new emperor Franz Joseph ascended the throne in 1849, suppressing press freedom and resuming lynching trials, and bringing the empire to a strong rule of enlightened autocracy: his appointed Prime Minister Bach began to be called Rule the country with an iron fist of "Bach dictatorship". For example, the review of books and periodicals was resumed and stricter police supervision was implemented, so that all (bourgeois) freedom of political activity was suppressed. The administrative, judicial, and financial systems have also been reorganized very vigorously, but have increased financial pressure and the tax burden of the people. This autocracy continued until the promulgation of the Constitution in February 1861, and there were major adjustments that officially allowed the bourgeois people to gain political power.
With the Puerta War in 1866, Venice and the rest of the Kingdom of Lombardy-Venesia became part of modern Italy.